Since you've obviously done all that, what is the best solution in your opinion?
No. I haven't "done" that. I certainly haven't finished, that's for sure. It's a very complex set of issues.
As far as I can tell, no one ideology has "the" answer.
-Current liberal political philosophy is based on an assumption that "less fortunate" people NEED to be helped and MUST BE helped - as well as an assumption that we should enlist government to enforce that type of thing.
-Current conservative thinking pursues less government and regulation and assumes that supposed "free markets" will be self-regulating and will (eventually?) benefit everyone, through increased productivity and economic growth.
-Libertarian philosophy suggest that government will ALWAYS usurp power, so we need very limited government (but I can't see how you get there from anarchy, if ALL government - no matter how small - will always usurp power).
So, none of the major, current political philosophies in the U.S. seem to be "the" answer.
Generally, I think less government is better. I have a general distrust of government, based not on some non-specific paranoia, but on what I actually see, every day. The constant special interests lobbying (by and for BOTH Democrats and Republicans). Generally uninformed and bad decision-making by our leaders (again BOTH Republican and Democrats) and a system that creates "professional politicians" who's first and foremost job is to stay in office, as opposed doing the right thing for the country, or even their local constituency.
Unlike Nick, I don't think the proper answer to ANY problem is to hand it over to the government for fixing. I can't think of a single government program that actually resulted in the eradication of the problem it was intended to address, at least not without dire ancillary fallout.
That makes me more conservative/libertarian than liberal, in general. But really, I'm none of them.
It is clear that a lot of our problems can be traced to an inactive populace. Our system is predicated on a very informed and involved populace staying vigilant and controlling the government. But over the last 200 years, our citizenship has gotten increasingly less well-informed and less active, while government has expanded and actually endeavored to keep the general populace uninformed.
I'm not sure what the answer is but, here's some specific suggestions (as opposed to large-scale philosophical recommendations):
1: Impose term limits on all politicians, to ensure that we don't get career politicians. Maybe 6 or 8 years or so. Enough time to learn the job but not enough time to become beholden to it.
2: True campaign finance reform:
a) Limits (that are actually adhered to) on all campaign donations - private and corporate. No PACS, spousal co-donors and other loopholes. You can only raise "$X" from "Y # of people" - and that's it.
b) Completely equal - and 100% free - air time to all candidates. No ability to buy more ads or editorial time beyond what the FCC - which is supposed to control the "public airwaves" and not allow them to be sold to the highest bidder - grants to ALL legitimate candidates.
3: Generally less centralized government.
a) Allow the individual States to govern themselves without completely B.S. central control over things like Federal highway and school funding, inter-State commerce, etc.
b) More public influence and involvement in more local, day-to-day politics.
c) (Possibly) breaking up the United States into smaller units. Our current system was put in place when the country was a mere fraction of the size it is now. The United States is a huge nation now, with extremely disparate segments. Wildy varying geographic, cultural, economic, meterological, etc., etc., segments all supposed to get along and engage in mutual government. It's almost (?) impossible to make this many different people with such different experiences and lifestyles and beliefs agree on anything, much less something as fundamental as the direction of the Country.
Those are some ideas ( that will NEVER come to fruition, BTW) but, I don't claim to know what the solution is.
Not by a long shot.